[5] In October 2002, OPM released a Human Capital Assessment and
Accountability Framework that expands on and integrates previous
guidance on workforce planning, such as the 1999 model, and other human
capital elements of the President's Management Agenda.

[6] NAPA issued a 1999 report on federal workforce planning models and
a 2000 report that provided guidance on implementing its version of a
generic model. In 2002, IPMA published its version of a generic
workforce planning model.

[7] See U.S. General Accounting Office, Results-Oriented Cultures:
Implementation Steps to Assist Mergers and Organizational
Transformations, GAO-03-669 (Washington, D.C.: July 2, 2003);
Highlights of a GAO Forum: Mergers and Transformation: Lessons Learned
for a Department of Homeland Security and Other Federal Agencies, GAO-
03-293SP (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 14, 2002); Human Capital: Effective
Use of Flexibilities Can Assist Agencies in Managing Their Workforces,
GAO-03-2 (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 6, 2002); and Human Capital: Key
Principles from Nine Private Sector Organizations, GAO/GGD-00-28
(Washington, D.C.: Jan. 31, 2000).